By D. Kor-Shach. Wright Institute.
This organ The Pericardium is located between the lungs in the center and a bit to the The pericardium (per-ih-KAR-de-um) is the sac that en- left of the midline of the body (Fig 1mg estradiol fast delivery. The formation of most of the mediastinum buy cheap estradiol 1 mg on-line, the central region of the thorax. The broad, superior base is the area of at- outermost and heaviest layer of this sac is the fibrous tachment for the large vessels carrying blood into and out pericardium. Connective tissue anchors this pericardial of the heart. A serous membrane lines this fi- Thyroid gland brous sac and folds back at the base to Trachea Base of heart cover the heart’s surface. Anatomi- cally, the outer layer of this serous membrane is called the parietal layer, and the inner layer is the visceral layer, Right Left also known as the epicardium, as pre- lung lung viously noted. A thin film of fluid be- tween these two layers reduces friction as the heart moves within the peri- Ribs (cut) cardium. Normally the visceral and parietal layers are very close together, but fluid may accumulate in the region between them, the pericardial cavity, under certain disease conditions. Checkpoint 14-1 What are the names of the innermost, middle, and outermost lay- ers of the heart? Diaphragm Pericardium Apex of heart Checkpoint 14-2 What is the name of the Figure 14-1 The heart in position in the thorax (anterior view). THE HEART AND HEART DISEASE 285 Table 14•1 Layers of the Heart Wall LAYER LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION Endocardium Innermost layer of the Thin, smooth layer of epithelial Lines the interior of the chambers and heart wall cells covers the heart valves Myocardium Middle layer of the heart Thick layer of cardiac muscle Contracts to pump blood into the arteries wall Epicardium Outermost layer of the Thin serous membrane Covers the heart and forms the visceral heart wall layer of the serous pericardium Heart wall Epicardium (visceral pericardium) Myocardium Endocardium 14 Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity Serous pericardium Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium Figure 14-2 Layers of the heart wall and pericardium. The serous pericardium covers the heart and lines the fibrous pericardium. ZOOMING IN Which layer of the heart wall is the thickest? Table 14•2 Layers of the Pericardium LAYER LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION Fibrous pericardium Outermost layer Fibrous sac Encloses and protects the heart; anchors heart to surrounding structures Serous pericardium Between the fibrous Doubled membranous sac with fluid Fluid reduces friction within the pericardium and the between layers pericardium as the heart functions myocardium Parietal layer Lines the fibrous Serous membrane Forms the outer layer of the serous pericardium pericardium Visceral layer Surface of the heart Serous membrane Forms the inner layer of the serous pericardium; also called the epi- cardium 286 CHAPTER FOURTEEN the human heart is really a double pump (Fig. The right side pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs through the pulmonary circuit.
Differential neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1 1mg estradiol sale,2 buy 1mg estradiol with visa,3,6-tetrahy- dropyridine (MPTP) in Swiss-Webster mice from different sources. Age-dependent effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity are age-dependent: evidence from measures of reactive oxygen species and striatal dopamine levels. Age-related changes on MAO in Bl/C57 mouse tissues: a quantitative radioautographic study. Jackson-Lewis V, Jakowec M, Burke RE, Przedborski S. Time course and morphology of dopaminergic neuronal death caused by the neurotoxin 1- methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Ricaurte GA, Langston JW, DeLanney LE, Irwin I, Peroutka SJ, Forno LS. Fate of nigrostriatal neurons in young mature mice given 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: a neurochemical and morphological reassessment. Regulation of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system by glutamic acid receptor subtypes. Spontaneous long-term compensatory dopaminergic sprouting in MPTP-treated mice. Forno LS, Langston JW, DeLanney LE, Irwin I, Ricaurte GA. Locus ceruleus lesions and eosinophilic inclusions in MPTP-treated monkeys.
When cycle buy estradiol 1mg low price, its level in the blood rising in a dark environment generic 2mg estradiol otc. It is probably through serotonin levels are low, increased appetite, or melatonin that the pineal gland conveys information about light–dark cycles to the depression, or both can occur. Thus, drugs body, organizing seasonal and circadian rhythms. Melatonin also may be involved that can increase serotonin levels may be able in regulating reproductive functions. Redux was a second-generation drug developed from D. Metabolism of Histamine fenfluramine, a known appetite suppressant. When first used, fenfluramine could not be Within the brain, histamine is produced both by mast cells and by certain neuronal resolved between two distinct optical isomers fibers. Mast cells are a family of bone marrow–derived secretory cells that store and (d versus l). The l-isomer induced sleepiness, release high concentrations of histamine. They are prevalent in the thalamus, hypo- so to counteract this effect fenfluramine was thalamus, dura mater, leptomeninges, and choroid plexus. Histaminergic neuronal often given with phentermine, which elevated cell bodies in the human are found in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior epinephrine levels to counteract the drowsi- basal hypothalamus. The fibers project into nearly all areas of the CNS, including ness (the combination of drugs was known as the cerebral cortex, the brainstem, and spinal cord. Once the two isomers of fenflu- Histamine is synthesized from histidine in a single enzymatic step. The enzyme ramine could be resolved, Redux, dexfenflu- histidine decarboxylase requires pyridoxal phosphate, and its mechanism is very ramine, was developed.
