By K. Cyrus. Excelsior College. 2018.
Sub- termined by the centrifugation of small capillary tubes of stances can be transported free in plasma purchase flagyl 250 mg fast delivery, bound to plasma anticoagulated blood to pack the cells order flagyl 400mg with amex. CHAPTER 11 Blood Components, Immunity, and Hemostasis 193 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two of the more impor- tant molecules transported by blood. In tissue capillaries, red cells release oxygen, which is then Normal used by respiring tissue cells. By doing so, it maintains Cations Sodium (Na ) 136–145 mEq/L the proper temperature in different organs and tissues, and Potassium (K ) 3. Blood leukocytes are involved in the body’s Copper (Cu2 ) 70–155 g/dL battle against infection by microorganisms. While the skin Hydrogen (H ) 35–45 nmol/L and mucous membranes physically restrict the entry of in- Anions Chloride (Cl ) 95–105 mEq/L fectious agents, microbes constantly penetrate these barri- Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22–26 mEq/L ers and continuously threaten internal infection. In most cases, penetrating microbes are (HPO2 /H PO ) 4 2 4 efficiently eliminated by the sophisticated and elaborate Proteins Total 6–8 g/dL antimicrobial systems of the blood. Bleeding is controlled by the process of he- Fats Cholesterol 150–200 mg/dL Phospholipids 150–220 mg/dL mostasis. Complex and efficient hemostatic mechanisms Triglycerides 35–160 mg/dL have evolved to stop hemorrhage after injury, and their fail- Carbohydrates Glucose 70–110 mg/dL ure can quickly lead to fatal blood loss (exsanguination). Vitamins, Vitamin B 200–800 pg/mL 12 Both physical and cellular mechanisms participate in he- cofactors, and Vitamin A 0. Homeostasis is a steady state that provides Transaminase (SGOT) 9–40 U/mL an optimal internal environment for cell function (see Alkaline phosphatase 20–70 U/L Acid phosphatase 0. By maintaining pH, ion concentrations, osmo- Other substances Creatinine 0. The solutes and basophils are polymorphonuclear cells that are present in plasma play crucial roles in homeostasis, such as main- in low numbers in blood (1 to 6% of total leukocytes) and taining normal plasma pH and osmolality. Mononu- clear cells, including monocytes and lymphocytes, com- prise 20 to 50% of the total leukocytes. These cells gener- There Are Three Types of Blood Cells ate antibodies and mount cellular immune reactions against Blood cells include erythrocytes (red blood cells), invading agents.
Mughal M buy 500 mg flagyl, Ward K Adams J (2004) Assessment of bone sta- Radiographics 16:335-348 tus in children by densitometric and quantitative ultrasound 80 order 200 mg flagyl mastercard. Jergas M (2003) Conventional radiographs and basic quantita- techniques. Peh WC, Gilula LA (2003) Percutaneous vertebroplasty: indi- childhood and adolescence: An approach based on bone’s bio- cations, contraindications, and technique. Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H (1996) Meta-analysis of how 20:561-583 well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of 90. Semin plication to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis (1994) Musculoskelet Radiol, 6(4):307-312 IDKD 2005 The Radiology of Hip and Knee Joint Prostheses I. Weissman2 1 Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands 2 Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Introduction density polyethylene is radiolucent and cannot be readily visualized non-invasively. Currently, approximately 800,000 total Other Articulations hip arthroplasties are performed each year worldwide, with the USA accounting for more than 200,000 of them In an effort to decrease articular wear and the shedding. The most frequent causes of failure are loosening and of particles, which can cause loosening, other articular particle disease. Up to 20% of both the acetabular cup and the femoral head made of patients will need revision surgery over 20 postoperative alumina ceramic. Good to excellent results are Main Types of Devices Used expected in 95% of appropriately selected patients. Hip Currently Used Materials Unipolar: Usually a femoral component only (or a mod- ular femoral component). Used mainly in older patients Metal following a femoral-neck fracture in whom the acetabu- lum is relatively normal. A number of combinations are in current use, designed to be long-wearing and inert biologically. The principle Bipolar arthroplasty: Comprising both a fixed femoral alloys used are cobalt-chrome-molybdenum, cobalt- component and an acetabular component that moves chrome-tungsten and titanium-aluminium-vanadium. Thus, motion should occur The prosthesis may be inserted with cement (to trans- between the native acetabulum and the acetabular com- fer stress from the prosthesis to bone) or have a sin- ponent and between the femoral component and the ac- tered irregular (“porous”) coating, allowing bone in- etabular liner. Bone in-growth fixation of the femoral stem can be performed if necessary.
