By L. Finley. Youngstown State University.
Video records are an important and relatively cheap tool to assess change in ambulatory ability for children with some ambula- tory ability during development buy discount ginette-35 2mg. The outcome of treating gait problems in children with limited ambula- tory ability is the same as it is for children with more function discount 2 mg ginette-35 visa. These chil- dren should not lose substantial ambulatory ability that they gained. If they do lose ambulatory ability, the cause should be found. Movement Disordered Gait Athetosis Gait problems in individuals with movement disorders can be especially dif- ficult to address. Individuals with athetosis often have spasticity associated with the athetosis, which works as a shock absorber on the pathologic move- ment. Individuals with athetosis may develop significant deformities that make ambulation more difficult, and there is merit in addressing these prob- lems. Therapy to improve athetoid gait is limited but sometimes adding re- sistance through the use of ankle weights or a weighted vest can be helpful. Procedures that will provide stability have the most reliable outcome. For example, correction of planovalgus feet with a fusion is a reliable procedure. There is no benefit of trying muscle balancing or joint preservation treatment in the face of athetosis. Although the post- operative course may be difficult, the outcome of the surgical treatment of fixed knee flexion contractures is usually good. Often, these patients have very high cognitive function and are very hesitant to undertake the correction, even if severe deforming musculoskeletal problems are clearly limiting their activities. Both a full analysis and an experienced surgeon will usually be able to convince them of the benefit if the problem is clear and straightforward.
Only slight pressure on a vein by a ◗ The aortic arch curves from the right to the left and tumor or other mass may interfere with return blood also extends posteriorly buy ginette-35 2mg on line. Such valves are most numerous in the veins of the extremities buy 2 mg ginette-35. Figure 15-3 is a cross-section of Smooth muscle an artery and a vein as seen through a microscope. Checkpoint 15-3 What type of tissue makes up the middle layer of arteries and veins, and how is this tissue controlled? Checkpoint 15-4 How many cell layers make up the wall of a capillary? Artery Vein ◗ Systemic Arteries The systemic arteries begin with the aorta, the largest ar- tery, which measures about 2. This vessel receives blood from the left ventricle then travels downward through the body, branching to all or- gans. Connective tissue The Aorta and Its Parts Figure 15-3 Cross-section of an artery and vein. The The aorta ascends toward the right from the left ventricle. Philadelphia: Lippincott downward posterior to the heart and just anterior to the Williams & Wilkins, 2001. BLOOD VESSELS AND BLOOD CIRCULATION 311 The arch of the aorta, located im- Right common Left common mediately beyond the ascending aorta, carotid artery carotid artery divides into three large branches. Right subclavian Left subclavian ◗ The brachiocephalic (brak-e-o-seh- artery artery FAL-ik) artery is a short vessel that Brachiocephalic supplies the arm and the head on the artery right side. After extending upward Aortic arch Ascending aorta somewhat less than 5 cm (2 inches), it divides into the right subclavian Coronary (sub-KLA-ve-an) artery, which ex- arteries Thoracic aorta tends under the right clavicle (collar bone) and supplies the right upper Celiac trunk to: Intercostal extremity (arm), and the right com- Left gastric artery arteries mon carotid (kah-ROT-id) artery, Splenic artery which supplies the right side of the Hepatic artery neck, head and brain. It supplies the left Renal side of the neck and the head.
